Leafminers are a problem wherever American elms, Scotch elms, Camperdown elms and English elms are located.
The elm leafminer, Fenusa ulmi, has been in the Northwest for a few years but has been noticeable in its expansion to new areas in Washington and Oregon recently.
The sawfly attacks Scotch elms, Ulmus glabra, Camperdown elms, Ulmus glabra ‘camperdownii’, Engish elm, U. procera; and American elm, U. americana (Johnson and Lyon, 1991). Scannell reported no damage on American elm in her research (Scannell, 2000).
According to research by Christine Scannell at the the University of Washington, the adult sawflies emerge coinciding with the breaking of the leaf buds of most elms, although after leaf expansion of American and European white elms (Scannell, 2000).
The timing of emergence ranged from mid-March through mid-April depending on temperatures during the course of several years of study.
The sawflies tend to emerge during the middle of the day with maximum emergence occurring between11:00 am and 1 pm. The adults are all female and begin to lay eggs immediately after emergence. The eggs are usually laid near leaf veins initially but later oviposition is without regard to location of the veins (Scannell, 2000).
There are five instars of the larvae. In 2000, the larvae were found 10 days after the first emergence of the adult sawflies (Scannell, 2000). The larvae eventually drop to the ground where they are reported to pupate through the summer, fall, and winter. There is one generation per year (Johnson and Lyon, 1991). Read Oregon State University Alert
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When the first few sycamores began dying in UC Irvine‘s Aldrich Park in late 2014, the victims numbered in the dozens. But over the next several months, hundreds of cottonwoods, native willows, goldenrain and coral trees met the same fate.
“We’ve seen infestations of pests, but nothing to this extent,” said Richard Demerjian, director of UCI’s Office of Environmental Planning and Sustainability. “It came as quite a shock.”
It was the work of the polyphagous shot-hole borer, an invasive beetle that’s been attacking and killing an astonishing range of trees throughout Southern California.
Plant pathologists are overmatched. The beetle isn’t native to the area and has no natural predators here. When it strikes, the only thing to do is to try and contain it before it spreads. As the beetle has spread farther into six counties, even that has seemed like a losing strategy.
But the UC Irvine outbreak presented scientists with an opportunity to change that — by turning the leafy grounds into a giant outdoor research lab.
A dying California Sycamore tree at the UCI campus. (Glenn Koenig / Los Angeles Times)
The university, after all, is home to researchers who design malaria-fighting mosquitoes and hunt for dark matter in distant galaxies. Why not apply the scientific process to the campus itself?
“The beauty of UCI is that it’s a university, and they’re used to researchers,” said John Kabashima, an environmental horticulture advisor at the UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources who is involved in the effort.
Dozens of trees around the campus now bear white tags that say, “This tree is part of a joint UC research project. Please do not touch or climb on the tree.”
One of the scientists running this giant experiment is Akif Eskalen, the plant pathologist who first identified the sesame seed-sized beetlein a South Gate avocado tree in 2012. He’s been studying infested plants about 45 miles away at UC Riverside.
At UC Irvine, with so much devastation concentrated in one place, the conditions are practically tailor-made for a controlled study to test different chemical and biological treatments using the same kind of trees growing under the same environmental conditions. With any luck, the results will help Eskalen hone his response to the wily pest.
The beetles burrow tunnels into trees, ejecting a sawdust-like frass behind them. They use the empty space to farm several species of fungus, which they eat and feed to their young. But the fungus also spreads through the tree’s system, ultimately killing it.
A quick inspection is enough to make the scientists feel like underdogs. Eskalen pulled out a pocketknife and scraped the bark off several trees, revealing bore holes beneath.
Dr. Akif Eskalen inspects an infected California Sycamore at UCI in January. (Glenn Koenig / Los Angeles Times)
The university has identified 2,000 infested trees, many of which will have to be cut down. Many now resemble amputees, their main branches or entire tops lopped off. Some 400 hardwoods on campus were so badly mauled that officials have already removed them.
Nearly every sycamore in sight bears some kind of wound, and the damage is more than cosmetic. Heavy branches, structurally weakened by the relentless attack, pose a threat to public safety if they fall.
After trees die, their wood can become a hazard as it’s hauled away, giving the beetles a free ride to new territory.
There’s an economic risk too, since the beetles have a taste for avocado trees. It’s also not clear what will happen if — or when — the beetle moves into the Central Valley, California’s agricultural heartland.
At UCI, Eskalen selected 130 sycamores for his experiment and divided them into 13 groups of 10. Four of the groups were treated with different insecticides; three were treated with different fungicides; and four others got one of each.
Another group was given a beneficial bacteria found in some California trees that’s thought to kill the fungus.
The final group served as a control and received no treatment at all.
To keep track of how well each intervention works, researchers are counting the holes the beetles leave in each tree. Each dot is a literal data point.
Akif Eskalen marks the beetles’ entry points. (Glenn Koenig / Los Angeles Times)
These pinpoint wounds are marked with a different color of paint every month, to help the scientists see how many holes are freshly drilled. Any unmarked holes are a sign that the beetles are still drilling.
The scientists are allowed to cut down and section the trees, sample them, and even leave some infested trees alone. Having this flexibility is essential to understanding the success — or failure — of a given pesticide, Kabashima said: “That’s why we’re learning so much here at UCI.”
Like lots of high-level research, there’s quite a bit of grunt work. On a recent sunny day, Eskalen checked in on Joey Mayorquin and Beth Peacock as they painted blue dots on the paper-thin bark of a sycamore in Aldrich Park. Nearby trees are speckled with orange, white and green — flecked with so many colors that they bear a vague resemblance to a Georges Seurat painting.
Mayorquin, a UC Riverside graduate student, knelt at the tree’s base while Peacock, a UCR research assistant, used a stepladder to reach higher. Both daubed blue dots next to each new hole and used clickers to keep count of them.
“It is very time-consuming,” Mayorquin said. “We actually made good time last week when we were here; we were able to get through 40 trees in about a full day.”
Soon after he started the experiment, Eskalen began to worry that his dot-painting procedure wouldn’t tell him which holes were empty and which ones were occupied. After a sleepless night, he finally came up with an additional strategy.
To see which holes were in active use by beetles, the researchers painted white rectangles that were about the size of a sheet of printer paper on the bark. Some paints were too thick; others left the wood discolored. After several tests, he settled on a water-based latex paint that would not interfere with the beetles’ drilling and would wash off without hurting the tree. Eskalen knew that the mother beetles guarding their young inside couldn’t stand to have their only means of entry and exit clogged up. And indeed, they burrowed out of the holes that had been covered with paint — revealing those holes that were still in use. “That’s why it’s very important for us to study the biology of the enemy,” he said.
Eskalen checked one of the painted white patches. He points to numbers scribbled on the bark from early in the experiment. On Oct. 23, he’d counted 25 new holes. On Oct. 27, only 20 were active.
The researchers also used 3D-printed traps designed by UC Riverside entomologist Richard Stouthamer and colleagues to catch beetles that come out of their holes. The researchers don’t even need beetles to fall into the traps; if they catch any frass the team will know the hole is active.
The team has been monitoring these trees since June; this June they will gather all the data and analyze their results, and continue monitoring for a few more years. Eskalen hopes they will lead him to a chemical or microbial weapon that could help beat back the infestation.
The scientists expect that any ammunition they find here will also help them fight an invasion by the Kuroshio shot hole borer, a closely related species of beetle with its own fungi that has opened up a second front in San Diego County and established a foothold in Orange County.
On the highly monitored and manicured campus, UC Irvine’s trees are relatively lucky; in wilder areas the beetle has gone unchecked, ravaging natural habitats. A four-mile-wide willow forest in the Tijuana River Valley now has 140,000 severely damaged trees, according to John Boland, an ecologist who has been studying the area for more than 14 years.
Despite all this effort, Eskalen doesn’t believe pesticides are a long-term solution — they’re expensive and require repeated applications, which may not be feasible in many of the wild, thickly wooded areas under attack.
Ultimately, he said, the only way to defeat the bugs is to identify and deploy another creature that naturally preys on the beetle or its fungi.
Although the beetle infests trees in many parts of Southeast Asia, it does not run rampant there the way it has in Southern California. Eskalen and Stouthamer suspect it has predators there that keep it in check naturally, and they’ve gone to Vietnam and Taiwan to search for them.
Finding them would just be the first step. Before they could bring them to California, they’d have to study them there to ensure they don’t attack California’s beneficial native insects.
In the short term, the best-case scenario for UCI is to manage the pest without allowing it to spread. With some 30,000 trees remaining on campus, Demerjian is prepared for a lengthy fight. The dying leaves of an infested tree at UCI. (Glenn Koenig / Los Angeles Times)
“This is going to be a pest that we’re going to have to deal with for many years,” he said.
When St. Louis Cardinals third baseman Matt Carpenter picked up a bat for the 2016 baseball season opener Sunday against the Pittsburgh Pirates, he selected one made of maple.
These days, maple is the bat material of choice for most pros, and it has been ever since San Francisco Giants left fielder Barry Bonds broke the record for the number of home runs hit in a season. But scientists say that if ballplayers like Carpenter ever want to go back to traditional ash bats, they might not have that chance.
The supply of ash in the United States is under threat, and with it, the iconic Louisville Slugger. The culprit: an invasive beetle called the emerald ash borer.
“It is the most destructive invasive insect to have ever entered North America,” said Therese Poland, a research entomologist with the U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station.
First identified near Detroit in 2002, the invasive species today is found in 25 states and two Canadian provinces. It has killed hundreds of millions of ash trees and inflicted millions of dollars in damage. As global temperatures rise, the beetle is likely to not only survive in what was previously too cold of a climate, but it will develop from larva to adult in half the time, Poland said.
Furthermore, the beetle doesn’t discriminate in its attack of ash, but a drought-stressed tree is especially attractive, something that is projected to become more common as the climate changes.
About the size of a slivered almond, shiny and green like the jewel for which they’re named, adult emerald ash borers begin their barrage on ash trees innocently enough, by munching on the tree’s leaves. The real damage begins when females lay their eggs inside the cracks and crevices of tree bark. Once born, the larvae tunnel underneath the bark, devouring its tissue and preventing the tree from transporting water and nutrients. Within one to three years, the infected ash tree will be dead.
For more than 100 years, Louisville Slugger, the official bat of Major League Baseball, has sourced its white ash from a relatively small area of northern Pennsylvania and New York. About seven years ago, the bat maker noted that the beetle had come within 100 miles of its harvest site.
On its own, the emerald ash borer will not move more than a few miles. But humans have helped it spread, mainly through the seemingly innocent transportation of firewood from urban areas to forested ones.
“Ash trees are an enormous component of neighborhood trees,” said Leigh Greenwood, the Nature Conservancy’s “Don’t Move Firewood” campaign manager. “When they get infested and die, it’s tempting for people who don’t know better to cut it down and take the wood hundreds of miles to a campsite, and it infects that campground.”
Louisville Slugger agreed, Greenwood said, and tried to help by spreading that message on its website.
“The bottom line is that those forests that Louisville Slugger uses to harvest ash and make high-quality bats are going to be devastated by emerald ash borer over time,” she said. “It affects the American heritage of the American ash tree and Louisville Slugger products.”
And maple bats may not be entirely safe. Another invasive insect, the Asian longhorned beetle, is now targeting maple trees, but in a slower manner, she said. Unlike with the emerald ash borer, scientists think they can eradicate the maple-eating bug.
“In short, the cat’s out of the bag with the emerald ash borer, which is really tragic, but it’s true,” Greenwood said.
Wasps, girdling and the fight to save ash
The fight is far from over against the emerald ash borer. Poland, with the Forest Service, leads a research team that has tested multiple strategies to kill or slow down the spread of the beetle.
“They’re useful for homeowners or cities to treat street trees, but at the forest level to go out to a woodlot and manually inject every single tree at a couple hundred dollars per tree, it’s not feasible,” Poland said.
In 2008, the Forest Service received permission from U.S. EPA to begin releasing parasitic wasps from China that kill the beetle. The agency is monitoring areas where three species of wasps have been used to see what impact they are having on controlling beetle populations.
Because stressed trees are extra-attractive to the beetle, foresters can girdle a tree, or remove a band of bark in order to attract large numbers of the bug. The stressed tree becomes a tasty sentinel for the beetle. Once infested, the tree is cut down and chipped, destroying a chunk of the emerald ash borer population.
“If we didn’t do anything, it’s likely 100 percent of ash trees would die,” Poland said. “By using some of [these] techniques, we’re hoping to give ash a chance.”
As a backup plan, Major League Baseball and the Forest Service’s Forest Products Laboratory have also developed a protocol to bring new wood species into the fold for baseball bats.
In 2008, MLB approached the Forest Products Lab with a conundrum: Why were so many maple baseball bats breaking during games and sending dangerous shards of wood flying into stands?
In response, the lab and its partners figured out why, and then, to stop maple bats from injuring others, developed a set of criteria and tests that can be used to qualify a new species of wood for use as a baseball bat. Because of their long-standing use, the rate of bat breakage to meet or beat was set by rates measured in ash bats. The density of wood and the grading of the material, or how straight the wood fibers are, are part of those criteria.
David Kretschmann, research general engineer with the Forest Products Lab, who works on the baseball bat research, said two species have been approved for use in MLB bats so far. They are yellow birch, now used by about 5 percent of players, and European beech.
Kretschmann said he isn’t worried about the future of American’s pastime because the players have already moved away from ash.
“In reality, at this point, there’s still enough material out there for the demand that it [the emerald ash borer] doesn’t really have an impact,” he said.
But Troy Weldy, director of land conservation for the Nature Conservancy in New York, sees it differently. Although bat makers may have already made a shift because of market forces, future generations could lose a piece of Americana if ash bats aren’t available. “The 10-year-old baseball player who has aspirations to get to the majors, that is who is going to miss out if ash is not available in the future,” he said.
Some additional Health Benefits of Living with Trees…
Recent scientific research has shown that the proximity of trees brings specific health benefits, reducing stress, mental illness and even improving the creativity of children. “Safe, green spaces may be as effective as prescription drugs in treating some forms of mental illnesses.”
This is very important. For example, amongst males 5-49 years and females 20-34 years, suicide is the largest cause of death. Hugging a tree could save your life!
The effect of a forest environment on other major killers is also profound. For example, diesel-particulates are now considered a major killer, contributing to deaths from respiratory diseases and lung cancer, which are the 4th and 5th largest killers in the UK. Indeed, the UK government estimates are now that diesel particulates cause 6% of all deaths in the UK.
Recent research has shown that planting a few trees in your front garden can reduce the concentration of deadly particulates by 60%, such as in a replicated trial involving pot-grown birch trees.
“Electron microscope images of the leaves of silver birch trees show why they are so good – they are covered in tiny hairs and ridges which help trap the pollution particles. Their sparse structure also helps keep the air circulating and flowing past the leaves to filter it effectively (rather than trapping pollution near the ground as bigger and denser trees do). Each time it rains, the PM pollution is washed off the leaves, allowing them to start trapping more.” Trees are astonishingly effective at absorbing diesel particulates due to structures on the surface of the on the surface of the leaves.
If you want to avoid medical treatment, it seems that the answer is to go for a walk in a forest.
But, what if you do need medical treatment????
Well, if you are suffering from or at risk of cardio-vascular disease, the UK’s largest killer then you are likely to be prescribed aspirin, plant stanols or perhaps a specialist drug such as digitalis- all of which are from forest plants.
If you are suffering from breast cancer, which is the largest killer of females in the 35-49 year group, then Taxol, made from the Pacific yew is the drug of choice. Essential medicines such as aspirin (willow bark), plant stanols (pine), digitalis (foxglove) and taxol (Pacific yew) are made from forest plants. It takes 2.5 tonnes of pine to make 1kg of stanols.
So however you look at it, forests are probably going to save your life.
Thanks to Jason Sinden for this article. He is is a professional member of the Institute of Chartered Foresters and a Director of Tilhill Forestry Ltd. The views and comments are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of any particular organization.
Recently, on a routine technical Mauget service call to see what was effecting a homeowners Eucalyptus tree. Ann Hope, Maugets technical field representative was surprised to observe scale insects on a Eucalyptus globulas tree. A tree not known to have scale issues in the U.S..
On futher researching, found a great article from Austrailer on the subject.
Mauget feels that it may be important to focus on this issue.
Mauget has several products that should handle this if it becomes a widespread problem including Dinocide, Imicide and others products.
The informative article reads as follows:
Eriococcus coriaceus (Gum-tree scale) in New Zealand
Insect:
Eriococcus coriaceus Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) .
Sacs of adult females of the gum-tree scale on a twig of Eucalyptus globulus.
The sacs are 2-4 mm long.
Type of injury This scale insect sucks the sap of eucalypts and may cause dieback of branches; occasionally a severe attack can kill the tree. Photosynthesis may be affected when leaves are covered with sooty mould growing on the honeydew excreted by the insects.
Hosts Only eucalypts are attacked, and trees of the blue-gum group are the most susceptible. In New Zealand the scale is found on Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. eugenioides, E. globulus, E. gunnii, E. macarthurii, E. nitens, E. obliqua, E. regnans, E. viminalis, and a few others including ornamentals such as E. cinerea.
Distribution This Australian insect is well-established throughout New Zealand.
The effect on trees is usually overshadowed by that of the leaf-eating insect Paropsis charybdis (eucalyptus tortoise beetle).
Description, life history, and habits Each adult female is enclosed in a rounded felted sac, 2-4 mm long and varying in colour from yellowish to dark brown. Each sac is attached by its underside to the host and has an opening at the top which is blocked by the rear of the insect’s abdomen. The sacs (Fig. 1) are often packed so close together that stems and twigs may be entirely covered for several centimetres; individual sacs may occur on the veins of leaves. The adult female is brown and usually about 1.7 mm long, but some can reach 3.5 mm in length. Like all female scale insects, it is wingless. The legs, antennae, and fine stylet mouth-parts are difficult to see even with a hand lens. If the insect is squashed, a purplish liquid oozes out. Several hundred eggs are laid by a single female inside the sac; the bigger the female the greater the number of eggs. After hatching from the eggs, the red nymphs or “crawlers” emerge through the opening at the top of the sac, move over the surface of the tree, and are often scattered by wind for long distances. A crawler remaining on the tree or reaching another suitable host, settles down on the leaves or small twigs, inserts its stylet, and starts sucking sap. The crawler also secretes wax threads to form the sac under which it lives. The sex of these first-stage nymphs cannot be recognised. After moulting each crawler moves out from its sac and settles elsewhere on the host.
The sacs of the second-stage males are elongate, white, and papery and are often made under loose bark or in crevices. Except for a slit at the rear, each sac encloses the whole body. The males pupate under the sacs and emerge as winged adults. These are 1.4 mm in length, have relatively long legs and antennae, and a pair of rather large, broad, transparent wings. Two white waxy filaments projecting backwards from the abdomen are formed while the male is in the sac, but usually break off during emergence. The males have no mouth-parts and live for only 2-3 days. Their sole function is the fertilisation of the adult females and one male may mate with several females.
The second-stage female crawler grows under its waxy secretion and doubles its size in about 12-15 days. It moults, emerges from its protective covering, moves along the twigs to a new position, and inserts its mouth-parts. It usually stays in this spot, but if the place is unsuitable for feeding it withdraws its stylet and tries elsewhere. A few days after the insect settles down, the felted sac gradually appears and is usually completed within a fortnight. In this time the female grows to full size and is fertilised. Females mate only once. Eggs are laid in the sac four weeks after the final moult. Unfertilised females do not produce progeny.
In New Zealand the number of generations which the gum-tree scale has in one year is unknown, but in South Australia there are at least four generations a year and all stages can be found at any time. In warm weather the life cycle can be completed in about 50 days; in cold weather it may take up to three months (Patel 1971).
The insects suck up more sap than they can use. Excess sugars are discharged as very fine droplets of a sweet sticky substance, called honeydew. This fails onto lower parts of the host tree and soon becomes covered by a sooty mould which gives severely attacked plants a blackish appearance. The sooty mould decreases the amount of light reaching lower leaves and presumably reduces their contribution to the total photosynthetic activity of the tree.
If you want to get a number of benefits out of one health tip, try this: Go plant yourself a tree. Recent science shows that living among trees makes people feel subjectively healthier, reduces pollution, boosts mental health—and may also be good for heart health, according to new research.
A study in the journalHealth and Place found that a lack of trees might be a risk to women’s cardiovascular health. The study analyzed health statistics in places where an invasive pest, the emerald ash borer, had decimated the local tree population. The beetle was first discovered to be killing Michigan ash trees in 2002, and has since spread to other states, encompassing 245 U.S. counties in total.
Using longitudinal data from the Women’s Health Initiative, researchers led by the USDA Forest Service, examined links between tree loss and the cardiovascular events for the 156,000 women in the initiative’s data pool. More than 14,500 post-menopausal women in the sample suffered a heart attack or stroke or died from coronary heart disease during the study period of 1991 to 2010.
The researchers found that even accounting for factors like exercise frequency, women who lived in a county where the emerald ash borer moved in and started killing trees had a 25 percent increased risk of heart disease.
This study can’t prove without a doubt that living without trees causes heart attacks (maybe some other unexamined environmental factor upped the risk of heart attacks during those years). And it didn’t sample men, about one in four of whom will die of heart disease. However, given the wealth of other studies indicating that trees benefit your health, it wouldn’t be surprising if they also keep your heart healthy, especially because of their stress-reducing effects.
By: Emily Green The S.F. Chronicle and The S.F. Urban Forestry Council deems this 100 foot-tall Inner Richmond tree worthy of protection.
A San Francisco property owner should not be allowed to cut down a 100-foot pine tree in his backyard, a city environmental committee decided Friday, siding with neighbors who want to landmark the tree over the owner’s objections.
In a 9-2 vote, the Urban Forestry Councilconcluded Friday that the tree should be landmarked because of its physical attributes, rarity, environmental benefits and cultural support. The question will now be forwarded to the Board of Supervisors for a vote. The board has historically followed the council’s advice.
The fate of the tree had become so contentious that the owner hired a lawyer, while neighbors who wanted to preserve the tree obtained restraining orders prohibiting its removal. One side even consulted a shaman in Indonesia about the tree’s future. Some two dozen people showed up to the council’s meeting Friday to support or oppose the landmark status.
If it all sounds like a wacky San Francisco story, the dispute also underscores an important question: How much say should property owners have over their land?
At a meeting in January, the Urban Forestry Council deadlocked 5-5 on whether to landmark the pine tree. One member, who was not present at that meeting, voted Friday to landmark, while three members who had originally voted against landmarking changed their votes.
Council member Michael Sullivan was one of them. He said after further consideration, the tree appeared to be sufficiently rare to warrant protection, even though he still had reservations.
“In general, I think we ought to defer to property owners when a tree is in the backyard. I think we have to be really rigorous about … not landmarking every large tree that comes before us even if it tugs at our heartstrings,” he said.
Member Carla Short voted not to landmark. She said that while the tree is beautiful and should not be cut down, it did not meet the criteria. Among the factors the council considers are a tree’s size, age, history and importance to the environment. Short urged the council to develop an alternative for protecting big trees that do not rise to landmark status.
Yolanda Manzone, who voted to landmark the tree, said the decision was difficult. “The precautionary principle tells us — we need to take the course that is most risk averse. For me that means designating it as a landmark because this is such a close call.”
But Dale Rogers, the property owner, told the council that voting to landmark the tree amounts to the “taking of one’s private property against their wishes.” And, he said, it also had more practical impacts. It hindered his efforts to use solar power for his house, and one insurance carrier canceled his policy, citing the tree’s potential to cause damage.
Vanessa Ruotolo, a neighbor who spearheaded the landmarking effort, said she was gratified by the council’s decision.
“It took a lot more time than we thought it would, but we as a community learned so much in the process and are grateful that this magnificent tree will continue to be part of our beloved neighborhood.”
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Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina,South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Link to targeted insects Link to other Mauget insecticides
When
Tuesday – Wednesday, April 5, 2016 – April 6, 2016 8:00am – 5:00pm
Location & Directions Mauget Company 5435 Peck Rd Arcadia, CA 91006
Overview Two-Day Advanced Safety/Behavioral Workshop and Certification Exam
Day 1: 8:00AM – 5:00PM
Day 2: 8:00AM – will end approximately at 1pm.
Eligibility:
Please be aware that in order to attend the workshop and be eligible to take the CTSP exam:
1. Enroll into the program – http://tcia.org/safety/about-ctsp/becoming-ctsp
2. Satisfactorily complete the homework – all 13 Critical Thinking exercises & Safety Program checklist.
Registration: Request a registration form via phone – 800-733-2622 or email – ikochurov@tcia.org
The Workshop Fee:
TCIA member – $340 Early Bird; After EB deadline $380
Non-TCIA member – $500 Early Bird: After EB deadline $515
There is an exam surcharge of $25.
Early Bird deadline – before 03/22/2016
Cancellation policy: Workshop registration cancellation must be received in writing at the TCIA office one week before a workshop for a full refund less $35.00 administrative fee. No telephone cancellation accepted.
Event Details
Event Website: http://tcia.org/safety/about-ctsp/becoming-ctsp Learn More
Contact: Irina Kochurov
Phone: (800) 733-2622
Email: Contact via Email: ikochurov@tcia.org
Organization:TCIA
TCIA Materials: Yes
Poland approves large-scale logging in Europe’s last primeval forest Greenpeace accuses government of ignoring scientists over fate of Białowieża woodland, home to 20,000 animal species and Europe’s tallest trees
A herd of wild bison in the Białowieża forest. The forest is the last remaining primeval forest in European lowlands. Photograph: David Levene for the Guardian
Poland has approved large-scale logging in Europe’s last primeval woodland in a bid to combat a beetle infestation despite protests from scientists, ecologists and the European Union.
The action in the Białowieża forest is intended to fight the spread of the spruce bark beetle.
“We’re acting to curb the degradation of important habitats, to curb the disappearance and migration of important species from this site,” the environment minister, Jan Szyszko, said.
Szyszko vowed that the logging plans would not apply to strictly protected areas of the primeval forest that was designated a Unesco World Heritage site in 1979.
But under the new plan, loggers will harvest more than 180,000 cubic metres (6.4m cubic feet) of wood from other areas of the forest over a decade, dwarfing previous plans to harvest 40,000 cubic metres over the same period.
Vowing to protect the forest, Greenpeace accused Szyszko of “ignoring the voices of citizens and scientists, the European Commission, Unesco and conservation organisations.”
Along with other environmental groups protesting the move, Greenpeace also said the logging could trigger the EU to launch punitive procedures against Poland for violating its Natura 2000 program.
Fog clings to the ground behind a grove of tall birch trees silhouetted by evening light in Białowieża forest. Photograph: Raymond Gehman/CORBIS
Sprawling across 150,000 hectares, the Białowieża forest reaches across the Polish border with Belarus, where it is entirely protected as a nature park.
It is home to 20,000 animal species, including 250 types of bird and 62 species of mammals – among them Europe’s largest, the bison.
Europe’s tallest trees, firs towering 50m high (164ft), and oaks and ashes of 40m, also flourish here, in an ecosystem unspoiled for more than 10 millennia.
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When the first few sycamores began dying in 
“That’s why it’s very important for us to study the biology of the enemy,” he said.
Finding them would just be the first step. Before they could bring them to California, they’d have to study them there to ensure they don’t attack California’s beneficial native insects.
.
If you want to get a number of benefits out of one health tip, try this: Go plant yourself a tree. Recent science shows that living among trees makes people feel 
